Zosema zachitetezo chadongosolo? 

Mukamva ‘chitetezo cha ziboliboli,’ maganizo ambiri amalumphira kumalo osungiramo zinthu zosungiramo zinthu zakale zoteteza zivomezi kapena malo osungiramo zinthu zakale. Ndilo gawo lake, koma zenizeni, zatsopano zatsopano zimachitika kunja, komwe luso limakumana ndi zomangamanga, nyengo, ndi anthu-malo omwe kulephera si nkhani yoteteza, ndi vuto lalikulu. Cholinga changa nthawi zonse chakhala pa mphambano ya katundu wosunthika, madzi, ndi kukhazikitsa kosatha. Ndi kagawo kakang'ono, koma komwe maphunziro amapambana movutikira ndipo mayankho ake sangokhala buku lophunzirira.

Malingaliro Olakwika a Static Loads

Onse ayamba ndi katundu wakufa, kulemera kwa mkuwa, mwala, ndi chitsulo; Mumawerengera, mumapanga maziko, ndipo mukuganiza kuti mwatha. Ndilo lingaliro loyamba, komanso lowopsa kwambiri. Vuto lenileni limayamba ndi katundu wamphamvu. Kwa chosema cha kasupe, sikungolemera kwa madzi mu beseni. Ndiko kuthamangitsidwa kwa hydraulic kuchokera ku jet ya mita 100, kukweza kwapampu kuchokera ku kugwedezeka kwapope komwe kumafalikira kudzera mu armature, ndi kumeta ubweya wamphepo pamtundu waukulu, wosakhazikika womwe umakhala ngati matanga kuposa chinthu cholimba. Ndawonapo mapangidwe omwe mainjiniya amapangira chojambulacho ngati chipika cha monolithic, kokha kuti kasitomala apemphe pambuyo pake kuwonjezera ma nozzles othamanga kwambiri omwe amatembenuza chidutswacho kukhala choyimira injini ya rocket. Kukonzanso kumawononga ndalama zambiri.

Ndiye pali madzi okha ngati chinthu chomangika. Sitikunena za dzimbiri, ngakhale kuti ndi gawo lalikulu. Ndikulankhula za kusungunuka m'madamu okwiriridwa, kuthamanga kwa hydrostatic pa ma welds omira ndi zisindikizo, komanso kuzizira kwanyengo m'malo otentha. Mnzake wina analephera kwambiri ntchito ina ya kumpoto kwa China—chidutswa chokongola chachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha kinetic. Ngalande yamkati ya zinthu zosemasema inali yochepa kwambiri. M'nyengo yozizira, madzi otsalawo amaundana, kukulitsidwa, ndikung'amba msoko wovuta kwambiri. Gawo lonse losuntha lidagwira ndikutopa chifukwa chopitiliza kuyesa kuyendetsa galimotoyo. Kukonzako kunaphatikizapo kudula phata lonse. Kodi tikuphunzirapo chiyani? Anu chitetezo chamapangidwe kusanthula kuyenera kuphatikiza njira zolephereka za machitidwe ogwiritsira ntchito ophatikizidwa muzojambula. Chosema ndi machitidwe ake ndi chamoyo chimodzi.

Apa ndipamene makampani omwe ali ndi chidziwitso chakuya amasiyana nawo. Ndinali kuwunika mbiri ya polojekiti kuchokera Shenyang Fei Ya Water Art Landscape Engineering Co.,Ltd. (mutha kupeza ntchito yawo https://www.syfyfountain.com). Chodziwika bwino sichinali kukula kwa akasupe awo, koma kutalika kwa moyo. Kumanga makhazikitsidwe akuluakulu opitilira 100 kuyambira 2006 kumatanthauza kuti akumana ndi zovuta zobisika izi. Kukonzekera kwawo - pokhala ndi madipatimenti odzipatulira a uinjiniya ndi chitukuko pamodzi ndi chipinda chowonetserako ndi malo ochitira msonkhano - akusonyeza mchitidwe womangidwa pa prototyping ndi kuyesa, komwe ndi kumene luso lenileni la chitetezo chogwiritsidwa ntchito chimabadwira. Sizokhudza mapulogalamu apamwamba okha; Zili pafupi kukhala ndi labu kuti ayese kukakamiza kwa msonkhano wa nozzle kapena kukana kwa zinthu kumadzi a chlorini omwe ali ndi katundu.

Kutopa Kwakuthupi ndi Zolumikizira Zobisika

Kupanga zatsopano nthawi zambiri kumatanthauza kugwiritsa ntchito zida zatsopano kapena kuphatikiza. Mpweya wa kaboni wophatikizika wama cantilevers opepuka, ma polima apadera olumikizira mafupa osinthika. Koma zatsopano zilizonse zimabweretsa zolephera zatsopano, nthawi zambiri pamawonekedwe. Kodi mumagwirizanitsa bwanji chitsulo cha carbon ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri m'malo a chinyezi nthawi zonse? Kuchita kwa nthawi yayitali kwa zomatira pansi pa njinga yamoto yotentha ndi bokosi lakuda pokhapokha mutayesa kwa maola masauzande. Tinayesa kugwirizana kwatsopano kosinthika pa chosema choyenda ndi mafunde. Zolemba zamakatalo zinali zangwiro. M'malo mwake, mayendedwe ang'onoang'ono osasunthika m'malo a nkhungu ya chlorinated amachititsa mtundu wa kupsinjika kwa dzimbiri kusweka mu alloy yomwe inalibe papepala lililonse la data. Zinalephera pambuyo pa miyezi 18. "Zatsopano" zidayenera kubwezeredwa ku mgwirizano wachikhalidwe, wopangidwa mopitilira muyeso. Nthawi zina, lusoli ndi kudziwa nthawi yoti musapange zatsopano.

Kuyang'anira ndi ngwazi yosadziwika yamasiku ano chitetezo chamapangidwe. Sikokwanira kumanga ndikuchokapo. Pakuyika kwakukulu, tsopano tikuyika ma geji amtundu wa fiber optic mkati mwa mamembala ofunikira kwambiri ndikugwiritsa ntchito ma accelerometers kuyang'anira siginecha yakugwedezeka. Zatsopano zili mu kutanthauzira kwa data. Kusintha kwanthawi yayitali kwapangidwe kumatha kuwonetsa kupangika kwa ming'alu kapena kukhazikika kwa maziko nthawi yayitali isanawonekere. Tikuchoka ku chisamaliro chodzitetezera kupita ku chisamaliro cholosera. Izi ndizosintha kusintha kwa bajeti zogwirira ntchito za kasitomala komanso chitetezo chanthawi yayitali cha anthu.

Mawonekedwe ena obisika ali pakati pa wojambula, injiniya, ndi womanga. Wojambulayo akuwona tsinde loonda lomwe likugwira chibwalo chachikulu, chodzaza madzi. Katswiriyo akudziwa kuti kukhetsedwa kwa vortex kuchokera kumaloko kumayambitsa kugwedezeka kowopsa. Zatsopano apa ndizochita, osati zaukadaulo. Zili pafupi ndi 3D kusanthula maquette, kuyendetsa ma CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) koyambirira, ndikukhala ndi zokambirana zobwerezabwereza pomwe kunyengerera kumatsatiridwa munthawi yeniyeni. Chotsatira chabwino kwambiri ndi pamene cholepheretsa mainjiniya chimalimbikitsa kusintha kwaluso komwe kumakhala siginecha ya chidutswacho. Ndawonapo wosema akusintha mawonekedwe olimba kukhala obowoka kuti achepetse katundu wamphepo, zomwe kenako zidapanga mawonekedwe okongola owunikira kudzera m'madzi amadzi-kuwongolera kobadwa kwathunthu kuchokera pazokambirana zachitetezo.

Maziko: Kwenikweni ndi Mophiphiritsa

Mutha kukhala ndi chosema chopangidwa mwaluso kwambiri, ndipo chimagwedezeka ngati maziko samvetsetsa nthaka. Ili ndiye gawo locheperako, lovuta kwambiri. Kwa ziboliboli za akasupe, nthaka nthawi zambiri imawonongeka kuyambira pachiyambi - mukukumba mabeseni akuluakulu, matebulo amadzi ndi okwera, ndipo nthaka imakhala yonyowa nthawi zonse. Kuyendetsa mulu mwachikhalidwe sikungatheke pafupi ndi mapaipi apansi panthaka. Titha kugwiritsa ntchito milu ya helical kapena milu yaying'ono muzochitika izi. Zimayambitsa kugwedezeka pang'ono, zimatha kuyikidwa pamakona kuti zigonjetse ma vectors enieni, ndipo mphamvu yawo yonyamula imatha kutsimikiziridwa pakuyika. Ndi luso la zomangamanga lomwe linabwerekedwa kuchokera ku uinjiniya wa anthu, koma kugwiritsa ntchito kwake pakuyika zaluso ndikozama.

Maziko amaphatikizanso malamulo ndi zolemba zolemba. Zatsopano zomwe tidalimbikira ndi "mapasa a digito" omwe angaperekedwe. Ntchito ikamaliza, kasitomala samangopeza zojambula za PDF. Amapeza mtundu wa 3D BIM (Building Information Modeling) womwe umaphatikizapo zolemba zakuthupi, mamapu a weld, ndandanda yokonza magawo enaake, ndi data ya netiweki ya sensa yomangidwa. Izi zimakhala mbiri ya moyo wa wosema. Ngati kampani yatsopano ya uinjiniya ipatsidwa ntchito yoyesa zaka 20, sakuyambira pachimake kapena kudalira mapulani a mapepala omwe adazimiririka. Izi zimakhudza kwambiri nthawi yayitali chitetezo chamapangidwe kasamalidwe.

Kulephera kwa maziko ndikowopsa komanso kokwera mtengo. Ndikukumbukira pulojekiti, osati yathu mothokoza, pomwe maziko a chiboliboli chachikulu cha kinetic adapangidwa kuti azinyamula katundu wokhazikika koma sanawerengere mokwanira mphindi yogubuduza kuchokera kuima mwadzidzidzi kwa mkono wa kinetic. Kwa zaka zambiri, idayamba kupendekeka pang'ono. Kupendekeka kumeneko kunasintha pakati pa mphamvu yokoka, yomwe imawonjezera mphamvu yamphamvu pamabereya, zomwe zinapangitsa kulephera kwamphamvu. Kukonzekera kunali kwenikweni dismantle zonse ndi kumanganso. Chifukwa chake? Kusagwirizana pakati pa kuwerengera mphamvu ya injiniya wamakina ndi kapangidwe ka maziko a mainjiniya. Zatsopanozi tsopano ndizofunikira zowunikiranso zochitika zosiyanasiyana ndi injiniya mmodzi, wodalirika pa dongosolo lonse lophatikizidwa.

Madzi Monga Katundu Woyambirira ndi Wothandizira Kuwonongeka

Izi zikuyenera chigawo chake chomwe chifukwa nthawi zambiri chimakhala chotsatira. M'mapangidwe amadzi, madzi ndi njira yaukadaulo, koma kwa mainjiniya omanga, ndiye gawo lalikulu kwambiri. Tiyeni tiphwanye. Choyamba, mphamvu ya hydraulic: mphamvu ya jeti yamadzi kugunda chinthu chojambula sichochepa. Tinapanga chosema cha ‘belu’ chamkuwa chimene chinagundidwa ndi nyundo yamadzi yokonzedwanso. Ma spikes omwe amapezeka mderali anali okwanira kupangitsa kuti ntchito ikhale yolimba komanso kutopa kumang'ambika mkuwa wopyapyala pakapita nthawi. Zatsopanozi zinali kuwonjezera mbale yoperekera nsembe, yosinthika yachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri kuseri kwa chikopa chamkuwa - njira yosavuta, pafupifupi yakale, koma idagwira ntchito.

Chachiwiri, kulemera kwa madzi ndi slosh. beseni silikhala lodzaza nthawi zonse. Pawonetsero, imakhetsa ndikudzaza mwachangu. Kusintha kwa madzi kumakhudza mafupipafupi achilengedwe a dongosolo lonse. Ngati ma frequency awa angafanane ndi kugwedezeka kwa pampu, mumapeza resonance, yomwe imakulitsa kupsinjika kwambiri. Tsopano timagwiritsa ntchito kusanthula kwakanthawi kochepa komwe kumatengera mawonekedwe onse amadzi. Izi ndizolemetsa koma ndizofunikira. Chachitatu, komanso chobisika kwambiri, ndi ma aerosols. Nkhungu yabwino yochokera ku akasupe imanyamula madzi ndi mankhwala m’mphako iliyonse. Imapeza ulusi wosamata wa bawuti, mipata ya capillary mu ma welds, ndi machubu amagetsi. Kupanga kwathu pano sikungokhudza kusindikiza chilichonse mwangwiro - zomwe sizingatheke - komanso zambiri zopanga njira zoyendetsera ngalande ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zida zomwe zimalephera bwino. Mwachitsanzo, kutchula chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha duplex pazomangira zonse zamkati, ngakhale choyambiracho ndi chitsulo chofewa, chifukwa chopaka utotocho chikalephera (ndipo chidzatero), zomangira sizingawonongeke ndikutaya mphamvu yawo yothina usiku wonse.

Kuyang'ana kampani ngati Shenyang Feiya Water Art Garden Engineering Co., Ltd., malongosoledwe awo okhala ndi labotale yokhala ndi zida zokwanira, chipinda chowonetsera kasupe ndikofunikira. Apa ndipamene mumayesa-yesa malingaliro awa. Mumapanga gawo la chosema pamlingo, ndikuchiyika m'chipinda chopopera mchere, ndikuchizungulira ndikuzizira, ndikuyendetsa mapampu kwa maola 10,000 mosalekeza. Simukupanga ndalama za kasitomala. Mukulephera mu labu yanu, phunzirani, ndikubwereza. Njira imeneyo ndiyo maziko odalirika structural chitetezo zatsopano.

The Human Factor ndi Operational Safety

Pomaliza, uinjiniya wonse padziko lapansi ukhoza kuthetsedwa ndi zolakwika zogwirira ntchito. Mlandu wapamwamba kwambiri: wopanga mapulogalamu owongolera, kuyesera kuti apange chidwi kwambiri, amawonjezera kuthamanga kwa chinthu chojambula chosuntha. Kuthamanga kwatsopano kumapanga mphamvu zopanda mphamvu zomwe mabuleki omangika ndi masinthidwe ochepera sanavotere. Chidutswacho chimagunda pamakina ake, ndikuwononga zida zake. Zatsopano pano ndikuphatikizana kwamakina ndi kutseka. Makina owongolera amakono ayenera kukhala ndi magawo okhwima olimba omwe sangathe kupyola popanda chilolezo chotetezedwa ndi mawu achinsinsi a injiniya wamapangidwe. Mapulogalamu owonetsera zaluso ayenera kugwira ntchito mkati mwa "envelopu yachitetezo" yamphamvu ndi zoyenda.

Ndiye pali mwayi wokonza. Ngati bawuti yovuta siyingathe kuwunika kapena kuyang'ana ma torque popanda kuthyola theka la chosemacho, sichingawunikidwe. Tsopano timapanga ndi kukonza ngati dalaivala woyamba. Izi zikutanthawuza kuwonjezera madoko oyendera, kupanga malo onyamulirako kuti alowe m'malo, ndikupanga maupangiri omveka bwino, owoneka bwino (mwachitsanzo, Yang'anani ming'alu ya tsitsi m'miyezi yonse ya 6). Zatsopanozi zikupanga ma protocol achitetezo kukhala osavuta kuchita. Ndi mapangidwe aumunthu kwa akatswiri.

Pamapeto pake, kusintha kwakukulu kungakhale kusintha kwa malingaliro. Chitetezo champangidwe wa ziboliboli si chiphaso chanthawi imodzi chomwe chimaperekedwa pakuyika. Ndi kudzipereka kwa moyo wonse. Ndi za kukonza zowoneka bwino, zomanga mowonjezera, kukonza kukonza, komanso kulemekeza kuwononga kosalekeza, kuwononga chilengedwe —makamaka madzi. Cholinga chenicheni sikulepheretsa kulephera konse, koma kuwongolera mawonekedwe ndi zotsatira za kulephera, kuwonetsetsa kuti sikukhala kowopsa. Izi zimafuna kuphatikizika kwa mfundo za uinjiniya wokhazikika, mayankho aukadaulo wapamwamba kwambiri, komanso, koposa zonse, chidziwitso chopeza movutikira chomwe chimabwera chifukwa chowona zinthu zikulakwika m'mbuyomu. Ndiwo mtundu wa chidziwitso chomwe mumawona m'magulu omwe akhala m'ngalande, kumanga ndi kukonza makonzedwe ovuta kwazaka zambiri. Sichinthu chomwe mungayesere; muyenera kukhala moyo.